ὑπό
Etym. epic ὑπαί before δ, π
Perseus. "from under, by, c. gen. under, c. dat., towards c. acc."
Lat. sub, prep. with gen., dat. and acc.
A. WITH GEN.,
I. of Place, "from under", ῥέει κρήνη ὑπὸ σπείους Od.: of rescuing "from under" another's power, after the Verbs ἐρύεσθαι, ἁρπάζειν, Il.; ἵππους λῦσαν ὑπὸ ζυγοῦ they loosed the horses "from under" the yoke, Hom.
2. "under, beneath", μοχλὸν ὑπὸ σποδοῦ ἤλασα thrust the bar "in under" the embers, Od.; ὑπὸ στέρνοιο τυχήσας having hit him "under" the breast, Il.; ὑπὸ χθονός Hom., etc.
II. of the Agent, with pass. Verbs, "by", Lat. a or "ab", ὑπό τινος δαμῆναι Il.; ὑφ᾽ ἑαυτοῦ "by" one's own action, i.e. of oneself, Thuc.; so also, with neut. verbs, φεύγειν ὑπό τινος, i. e. to flee "before" him, Il.; ἔπαινον ἔχειν ὑπό τινος Hdt.
2. of things as well as persons, ὡς διάκειμαι ὑπὸ τῆς νόσου Thuc.; ἐνδακρύειν χαρᾶς ὕπο Aesch.; μαίνεται ὑφ᾽ ἡδονῆς Soph.; ὀρύσσειν ὑπὸ μαστίγων to dig "under fear" of scourges, Hdt.
3. of "accompanying" music, "to the sound of", κωμάζειν ὑπ᾽ αὐλοῦ Hes.; πίνειν ὑπὸ σάλπιγγος Ar.: then, of anything "attendant", δαΐδων ὑπὸ λαμπομενάων ἠγίνεον "by" torchlight, Il.; ὑπ᾽ εὐφήμου βοῆς θῦσαι to offer a sacrifice "accompanied by" it, Soph.; ὑπὸ πομπῆς "in or with" solemn procession, Hdt.
B. WITH DAT. of Place or Position, ὑπὸ ποσσί Il.; ὑπὸ πλατανίστῳ id=Il.; ὑπ᾽ Ἰλίῳ "under" its walls, Eur.; ὑφ᾽ ἅρμασι "under", i. e. "yoked to", the chariot, Il.
2. ὑπὸ χερσί τινος δαμῆναι to be subdued "under", i. e. "by force" of his arms, id=Il.; ὑπὸ δουρὶ δαμῆναι id=Il.
II. of the person "under whose power or influence" a thing is done, φέβεσθαι ὑπό τινι "to flee" before him, id=Il.; ὑπὸ πομπῇ τινος βῆναι to go "under" his convoy, id=Il.
2. expressing "subjection", ὑπό τινι "under" one's "power", Od.; εἶναι ὑπό τινι to be "subject to" him, Thuc.; ἔχειν ὑφ᾽ ἑαυτῷ to have "under" one, Xen.
3. of things coming "under" a class, ἐργασίαι ὑπὸ ταῖς τέχναις Plat.
4. as in A. II. 3, ὑπ᾽ αὐλητῆρι πρόσθ᾽ ἔκιον advanced "to the music" of the flute-player, Hes.: generally, of attendant circumstances, ἐξ ἁλὸς εἶσι πνοιῇ ὕπο Ζεφύροιο Od.; ὑπὸ σκότῳ, νυκτί Aesch.
C. WITH ACCUS. of Place, "towards and under", ὑπὸ σπέος ἤλασε μῆλα drove them "under", i.e. "into", the cave, Il.; ὑπὸ ζυγὸν ἤγαγεν Od.; ὑπὸ δικαστήριον ἄγειν to bring "under or before" the tribunal, Hdt.
2. like ὑπό c. dat. "without" sense of motion, ὑπ᾽ ἠῶ τ᾽ ἠέλιόν τε everywhere "under" the sun, Il.; ὑπὸ τὴν ἄρκτον Hdt.; τὸ ὑπὸ τὴν ἀκρόπολιν Thuc.
II. of "subjection", ποιεῖσθαι ὑπὸ σφᾶς id=Thuc., etc.
III. of Time, like Lat. sub, just after, just about, ὑπὸ νύκτα "towards" night, Il.; ὑπὸ ταῦτα "about that" time, Hdt.; ὑπὸ τὸν νηὸν κατακαέντα "about" the time of its burning, Il.; ὑπὸ τὸν σεισμόν "about the time" of the earthquake, Thuc.
IV. of accompaniment, ὑπὸ αὐλὸν διαλέγεσθαι Xen.
V. ὑπό τι, as adv. "to a certain degree, in some measure", Lat. aliquatenus, Plat.
D. POSITION: ὑπό can always follow its Subst., becoming by anastrophe ὕπο.
E. AS ADV., "under, below, beneath", Hom.
2. "behind", Hdt.
II. "secretly, unnoticed", Il.
F. IN COMPOSITION:
I. "under", both of rest and motion, as ὕπ-ειμι, ὑπο-βαίνω.
2. of the "casing or covering" of one thing with another, as ὑπό-χρυσος.
3. to express subjection, ὑπο-δαμνάω, ὑφ-ηνίοχος.
II. "somewhat, a little", ὑπο-κινέω, ὑπό-λευκος: "underhand, secretly", ὑπο-θωπεύω.